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Using Swing Components
How to Make Applets
This section covers JApplet —
a class that enables applets to use Swing components.
JApplet is a subclass of
java.applet.Applet, which is covered in the
Applets trail. If you've never written a regular applet before,
we urge you to read that trail
before proceeding with this section.
The information provided in that trail
applies to Swing applets,
with a few exceptions that this section explains.
Any applet that contains Swing components must be
implemented with a subclass of
JApplet.
Here's a Swing version of one of the applets that helped make Java famous
—
an animation applet that (in its most well known configuration)
shows our mascot Duke doing cartwheels:
Note: If you don't see the applet running above, you need to install release 6 of the JDK.
You can find the main source code for this applet in
TumbleItem.java.
This section discusses the following topics:
Because JApplet is a top-level Swing container,
each Swing applet has a root pane.
The most noticeable effects of the root pane's presence
are support for adding a menu bar
and the need to use a content pane.
As described in
Using Top-Level Containers,
each top-level container such as a JApplet
has a single content pane.
The content pane makes Swing applets
different from regular applets in the following ways:
- You add components to a Swing applet's content pane,
not directly to the applet.
Adding Components to the Content Pane
shows you how.
- You set the layout manager on a Swing applet's content pane,
not directly on the applet.
- The default layout manager for a Swing applet's content pane is
BorderLayout.
This differs from the default layout manager for
Applet, which is FlowLayout.
- You should not put painting code directly in a
JApplet
object.
See
Performing Custom Painting for examples of how to perform custom painting in applets.
Swing components should be created, queried, and manipulated
on the event-dispatching thread,
but browsers don't invoke applet "milestone" methods
from that thread.
For this reason,
the milestone methods —
init,
start,
stop,
and destroy —
should use the SwingUtilities method
invokeAndWait
(or, if appropriate, invokeLater)
so that code that refers to the Swing components
is executed on the event-dispatching thread.
More information about these methods and the event-dispatching thread
is in
Concurrency in Swing.
Here is an example of an init method:
public void init() {
//Execute a job on the event-dispatching thread:
//creating this applet's GUI.
try {
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
createGUI();
}
});
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("createGUI didn't successfully complete");
}
}
private void createGUI() {
JLabel label = new JLabel(
"You are successfully running a Swing applet!");
label.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER);
label.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,1,1,Color.black));
getContentPane().add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
The invokeLater method
is not appropriate for this implementation
because it allows init
to return before initialization is complete,
which can cause applet problems
that are difficult to debug.
The init method in TumbleItem
is more complex,
as the
following code shows.
Like the first example,
this init method implementation
uses SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait
to execute the GUI creation code
on the event-dispatching thread.
This init method
sets up a
Swing timer to fire action events the update the animation.
Also, init uses
javax.swing.SwingWorker to create a background task
that loads the animation image files,
letting the applet present a GUI
right away, without waiting for all resources to be loaded.
private void createGUI() {
...
animator = new Animator();
animator.setOpaque(true);
animator.setBackground(Color.white);
setContentPane(animator);
...
}
public void init() {
loadAppletParameters();
//Execute a job on the event-dispatching thread:
//creating this applet's GUI.
try {
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
createGUI();
}
});
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("createGUI didn't successfully complete");
}
//Set up the timer that will perform the animation.
timer = new javax.swing.Timer(speed, this);
timer.setInitialDelay(pause);
timer.setCoalesce(false);
timer.start(); //Start the animation.
//Background task for loading images.
SwingWorker worker = (new SwingWorker() {
public ImageIcon[] doInBackground() {
final ImageIcon[] innerImgs = new ImageIcon[nimgs];
...//Load all the images...
return imgs;
}
public void done() {
//Remove the "Loading images" label.
animator.removeAll();
loopslot = -1;
try {
imgs = get();
} ...//Handle possible exceptions
}
}).execute();
}
You can find the applet's source code in
TumbleItem.java.
To find all the files required for the applet,
including a link to a JNLP file
that lets you run it using Java Web Start, see the
example index.
The Applet class provides the
getImage method for
loading images into an applet.
The getImage method creates
and returns an Image object
that represents the loaded image.
Because Swing components use Icons
rather than Images to refer to pictures,
Swing applets tend not to use getImage.
Instead Swing applets create instances of
ImageIcon — an icon loaded from an image file.
ImageIcon comes with a code-saving benefit:
it handles image tracking automatically.
Refer to
How to Use Icons for more information.
The animation of Duke doing cartwheels
requires 17 different pictures.
The applet uses one ImageIcon per picture
and loads them in its init method.
Because images can take a long time to load,
the icons are loaded in a separate thread
implemented by a SwingWorker object.
Here's the code:
public void init() {
...
imgs = new ImageIcon[nimgs];
(new SwingWorker() {
public ImageIcon[] doInBackground() {
//Images are numbered 1 to nimgs,
//but fill array from 0 to nimgs-1.
for (int i = 0; i < nimgs; i++) {
imgs[i] = loadImage(i+1);
}
return imgs;
}
...
}).execute();
}
...
protected ImageIcon loadImage(int imageNum) {
String path = dir + "/T" + imageNum + ".gif";
int MAX_IMAGE_SIZE = 2400; //Change this to the size of
//your biggest image, in bytes.
int count = 0;
BufferedInputStream imgStream = new BufferedInputStream(
this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(path));
if (imgStream != null) {
byte buf[] = new byte[MAX_IMAGE_SIZE];
try {
count = imgStream.read(buf);
imgStream.close();
} catch (java.io.IOException ioe) {
System.err.println("Couldn't read stream from file: " + path);
return null;
}
if (count <= 0) {
System.err.println("Empty file: " + path);
return null;
}
return new ImageIcon(Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(buf));
} else {
System.err.println("Couldn't find file: " + path);
return null;
}
}
The loadImage method
loads the image for the specified frame of animation.
It uses
the getResourceAsStream method
rather than the usual getResource method
to get the images.
The resulting code isn't pretty,
but getResourceAsStream
is more efficient than getResource
for loading images from JAR files into applets that are executed
using Java Plug-inTM software.
For further details, see
Loading Images Into Applets.
The recommended way to include an applet in an HTML page is
using the APPLET tag.
Here's the APPLET tag for the cartwheeling Duke applet:
<applet code="TumbleItem.class"
codebase="examples/"
archive="tumbleClasses.jar, tumbleImages.jar"
width="600" height="95">
<param name="maxwidth" value="120">
<param name="nimgs" value="17">
<param name="offset" value="-57">
<param name="img" value="images/tumble">
Your browser is completely ignoring the <APPLET> tag!
</applet>
To find out about the various <APPLET> tag parameters, refer to
Using the applet Tag and
Using the APPLET Tag .
The next table lists the interesting methods
that JApplet adds to the applet API.
They give you access to features provided by the root pane.
Other methods you might use are defined by the
Component and
Applet classes.
See Component Methods
for a list of commonly used Component methods,
and
Applets for help in using Applet methods.
This table shows examples of Swing applets
and where those examples are described.
| Example
|
Where Described
|
Notes
|
TumbleItem
|
This page
|
An animation applet
|
