As you saw in the previous step, the Java runtime does not automatically install a Security Manager when it runs an application. To apply the same security policy to an application found on the local file system as to downloaded unsigned applets, you can invoke the interpreter with the new -Djava.security.manager command line argument.

To execute the GetProps application with the default security manager, type the following:

java -Djava.security.manager GetProps

Here's the output from the program:

C:\TEST>java -Djava.security.manager GetProps
    About to get os.name property value
      The name of your operating system is: WindowsXP
    About to get java.version property value
      The version of the JVM you are running is: JDK 1.6.0
    About to get user.home property value
    Caught exception java.security.AccessControlException:
    access denied (java.util.PropertyPermission user.home read)

The process is shown in the following figure.

Security-Sensitive Properties

The Java runtime loads a default policy file by default and grants all code permission to access some commonly useful properties such as "os.name" and "java.version". These properties are not security-sensitive, so granting these permissions does not normally pose a security risk.

The other properties GetProps tries to access, "user.home" and "java.home", are not among the properties for which the system policy file grants read permission. Thus as soon as GetProps attempts to access the first of these properties ("user.home"), the security manager prevents the access and reports an AccessControlException. This exception indicates that the policy currently in effect, which consists of entries in one or more policy files, doesn't allow permission to read the "user.home" property.

The Default Policy File

By default, the system policy file located at:

  Windows:
    java.home\lib\security\java.policy  
  UNIX:
    java.home/lib/security/java.policy  

Note that java.home represents the value of the "java.home" property, which is a system property specifying the directory into which the JRE was installed. Thus if the JRE was installed in the directory named C:\jdk\jre on Windows and /jdk/jre on UNIX, the system policy file is located at

  Windows:
    C:\jdk\jre\lib\security\java.policy  
  UNIX:
    /jdk/jre/lib/security/java.policy  

Here is a copy of the default policy file.